I think that natural languages are primarily supposed to be instruments of communication.  In this regard, I assume some languages are better than others; probably, some languages enable their speakers to get ideas across more quickly, clearly, and precisely than others do.  However, even if there are languages which are extremely bad at enabling their speakers to communicate, I think that this is still primarily what such a language is supposed to do.  The ability to enable us to communicate is, I think, the "essence" of language: it makes any given language what it is, i.e. a language.

Even so, one can use the words of a language to do things other than to communicate.  For instance, one can utter a string of words primarily in order to comfort a crying baby, rather than to communicate with it.  When one does this, the words retain their meaning, but they could perform their present function just as well (or just as poorly) even if they had no meaning whatsoever.  This, I suppose, explains why parents so often speak gibberish to their babies: a parent’s words do not need to mean anything in order to have their intended effect.

Song-writers usually need to meet two requirements: (1) Each word in the song must "mean something"; it must not be gibberish (although this rule is occasionally suspended); (2) Each word must meet the formal requirements of the song (i.e., the last words of each line must rhyme with one another; each line must contain a sequence of words with the correct number of syllables; etc.) (this rule seems very rarely to be suspended, although it is clear that different songs have different structures).

I want to suggest that these requirements at best make communication difficult, and at worst make communication impossible.  Let’s consider the song "Sweet Betsy From Pike":

Oh don’t you remember sweet Betsy from Pike,
Who crossed the wide prairie with her lover Ike,
With two yoke of oxen, a big yellow dog,
A tall Shangai rooster, and one spotted hog?

Here, it has to be admitted, a very simple set of ideas are communicated.  The song tells us that there was a person named Betsy, her husband was named Ike, they had a lot of animals, and they went on a journey.  Betsy might have actually existed, although that would involve a remarkable set of coincidences; it would require, for instance, that Betsy’s husband’s name just happened to rhyme perfectly with the name of her own home town.  It’s probably more likely that the details of Betsy’s life, along with possibly even Betsy herself, were mostly made up in order to satisfy demands of the song structure.  So the meaning of the song is probably, at least in large part, determined by the song-writer’s effort to conform to the song structure.  Nevertheless, the song clearly does mean something.

Incidentally, even this rudimentary level of meaningfulness breaks down in the chorus:

Singing dang fol dee dido,
Singing dang fol dee day.

None of this means, of course, that "Sweet Betsy from Pike" is a bad song; it only means that it does a bad job of getting across the song-writer’s intended meaning (if the song-writer had any intended meaning at all before sitting down to write).  We should forgive the song-writer for this; after all, only a finite number of words rhyme with "dog," so if the song-writer wanted to say anything other than "hog" at the end of the fourth line, he was probably simply unable to say it without starting over or abandoning the song structure.

At least in this case, I think it is clear that the song structure impedes the communication of certain ideas.  But is it possible that the song structure makes it easier to get other ideas across?  Perhaps the song structure can enhance meaningfulness in some ways, even as it diminishes or prevents meaningfulness in other ways.  But I see no reason to believe this might be the case.  In what way does rhyming or syllable-counting enhance meaning?  The number of syllables in a word, line, or sentence have nothing to do with its meaning.  So, it seems to me, if your goal is to get something across to your listeners, the song structure will not help you to do this; it is a set of hurdles you will need jump in order to meet your goal.  Perhaps you will successfully jump those hurdles, or perhaps not, but in any case, I think that they remain hurdles. 

So: If you have a specific set of ideas you want to get across, and this is your primary goal, you’re better off abandoning the song structure.  At best, the imposition of the song structure frustrates the aim of communicating quickly, clearly and precisely; at worst, it can prevent you from being able to communicate certain ideas at all.  Thus: If, as I have claimed, language "essentially" communicates, then the song structure does a certain kind of violence to language; it makes it difficult, and sometimes impossible, for language to do the very thing which language essentially does.

All this sounds like a horrible thing to do to language, but I don’t think so.  A parent trying to quiet her baby might lapse into gibberish without doing anyone or anything any harm.  What is coming out of her mouth cannot properly be said to be language anymore, of course; but she has not claimed that it is, and there is no reason to think that it ought to be.  Similarly, the writer of "Sweet Betsy From Pike" has, in adopting the song structure, accepted a set of limitations on his ability to communicate; but this only matters if communication was his primary goal.  Probably, his primary goal was to create a catchy, happy tune, or something along those lines.  I suppose he succeeded at this.

In general, however, I think all of this means that communication is rarely the primary goal of a song-writer.  Song-writing would be an incredibly frustrating experience if communication were the goal; song-writing would be like trying to write an essay in which all the words begin with the letter "N."  Such a rule would be utterly arbitrary with respect to your purpose, and you would have no reason to conform to it unless someone forced you.  But nobody forces song-writers to adopt the song structure; they generally seem to think that the song structure is not an arbitrary hurdle, but an essential part of whatever it is they are trying to do.  So I think we should assume that the song-writer’s primary goal is not to get across any particular meaning; probably, they have other goals in mind. 

If song-writers really want to communicate with us, I think, they should write an essay or otherwise speak to us like normal people do.

Posted in

6 responses to “Songs.”

  1. Chris Avatar

    Just a few things.
    It’s definitely up for grabs whether the “essence” of language is communication.
    According to linguistics, no one language is ‘better’ than any other. If you buy the Chomskyan project, then the principles of human syntax are common for all languages, the only difference is the parameters, and of course the lexicon. If by ‘better’ you mean ‘able to express the same thought more quickly’ then perhaps some are better than others, but I doubt that this would be a satisfying normative criterion.
    Next, I find it very strange to think of songs as methods of communicating. We can do many things with language, two of which are playing games and creating artistic expression. If communication was always the most important factor, then what would be the point of limericks, poems, song lyrics, literary style, etc.? It’s clear that we do all kinds of things with language, and none of them seem to be ‘wrong’.

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  2. Justin Tiwald Avatar
    Justin Tiwald

    “probably, some languages enable their speakers to get ideas across more quickly, clearly, and precisely than others do. However, even if there are languages that are extremely bad at enabling their speakers to communicate, I still think that this is primarily what a language is supposed to do. The ability to enable us to communicate is, I think, the ‘essence’ of language: it makes a given language what it is, i.e. a language.”
    The very way you formulate this, however, suggests to me that there is something wrong or at least misleading in the way you describe the purpose of language. And this is because your account offers multiple values: the quick conveyance of ideas, the clear conveyance of ideas, and the precise conveyance of ideas. But surely we have to make trade-offs between these sorts of values when we move from one language to the next. So, for example, languages like English and German generally require articles before nouns, distinguishing between singular and plural forms of nouns, including a subject in each sentence, and so on. Compared to Chinese, these are rather cumbersome requirements. To ask for a store clerk’s help in finding the special sorts of batteries one uses in household portable phones is much more efficient in Chinese than in English. On the other hand, when one does this in Chinese, one is also likely to be at least a little less precise, at the very least because one will usually ask without specifying whether one is looking for “a battery” or “some batteries” (a problem which is responsible for the poorly-translated Chinese-English department store signs in Taipei that say things like: “Aisle 4: Pot”).
    It’s tempting to see this as suggesting that there really is no context-independent “purpose” of language, at least not when described exclusively in your terms. It is hard to say what a language is “supposed to do” without knowing something about the context in which it is being used. 999 times out of 1000, I can do without specifying whether I am looking for one battery or multiple batteries. But every once in awhile it might come in handy, just in case the store clerk happens to know beforehand that there is only one battery left, while I am looking for more than one. Probably a more to the point of your discussion of songs, we could consider the oft-repeated claim that Chinese is a poor language for writing laws (due to its imprecision) but a great language for writing poetry (due, at least in part, to its imprecision). Not being versed in philosophy of language issues, I find that these sorts of statements (assuming they are true) say about as much as we can say about the quality of Chinese as a language: it’s good for A, not so great for B, etc. And if I speak occasionally like a value-monist about language, exclaiming to a friend that “Chinese is a great language!” — what I really mean is probably just that it comes in very handy for the purposes to which people tend to put it.
    If I understand you correctly, however, you will be tempted to find some more unified account of what it means to “communicate one’s ideas well” — one which does not appear to be vulnerable to the charge that it contains competing, incommensurable values. And this is because you want to preserve the distinction between language being “good” without qualification and being “good for (some particular purpose).” But here again, my hunch is that it would be a mistake to focus unduly on the importance of communicating one’s ideas. And that’s because it seems likely to me (as a guy who has graded a lot of undergraduate papers) that another thing a good language helps us to do is formulate good ideas in the first place. A language may be quite effective at conveying our ideas efficiently and precisely, and yet at the same time be of very little help in making sure that those ideas are efficiently and precisely formulated. That is to say, there may be essential features of language that concern not just what we do with intended meanings, but also what sorts of meanings we intend.

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  3. sumi Avatar
    sumi

    Songs, like other works of art, do have a primary purpose of communicating something, though it isn’t always something literal. In the case of an art form which combines both music and language, and many songwriters starting with music and only adding words later, often words with a particular rhythm and rhyme-scheme, suggests that the foregrounded medium is, in a very important sense, sound, not literal sense. Also, sound has it’s own sense, as anyone who’s ever hear Beethoven’s “Ode To Joy” can attest. It’s simply nonsense to argue that songs should seek to communicate information to us in the way, for instance, the newspaper does.
    Also, poetic language is figurative. Linear sense is not it’s number one aim, nor should it be. At the end of this post I was tempted to ask, a la Woody Allen in Manhattan Murder Mystery “SO WHAT? WHAT HAVE YOU GOT NOW?”
    Answer: a specious argument.

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  4. zwichenzug Avatar

    I think I largely agree with Justin Tiwald above. One of the better philosophical works I’ve read on this topic, by the way, is Nelson Goodman’s Languages of Art. One of his core questions there is ‘how can art communicate?’ and another is ‘what does art communicate?’ It’s not so clear that he successfully answers the questions, but the going is interesting.
    My core objection to your account is your analysis of what counts as successful communication. It is true enough that a song will tend to be less effective at conveying a set of statements than will philosophical prose – though much, of course, depends upon the skill of the writer. But sometimes we want to communicate other things.
    Consider, for example, the song which began this argument over at majikthise’s blog. That song was about a man seeking spiritual salvation and appearing to bargain with Jesus over the terms. The lyrics left room for interpretation and this room, I think, was taken by you as evidence that the author had failed to communicate successfully.
    That evaluation, though, assumes that the author had some set of propositions in mind and hoped, through the song, to draw the listener’s attention to them. That’s possible, but I think it’s more likely that the author was trying to capture something of the complexity of the situation and that the confusion among readers is evidence that the author succeeded. The point is that there are shades of meaning and that any attempt to throw those meanings into sharp relief is going to obliterate the shading altogether. Notice also that when the formal constraints of poetic discourse compel the author to write elliptically rather than directly this furthers rather than hinders the project of keeping interpretations open.
    Now, I don’t disagree with you that there is a place for precision. But I think you should acknowledge that there is also a place for imprecision. The communicative arts – painting, photography, poetry – exist partly to satisfy this latter need. Philosophy, one would hope, helps to satisfy the former.

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  5. Robin Avatar

    If song-writers really want to communicate with us, I think, they should write an essay or otherwise speak to us like normal people do.<<
    David, are you familiar with the bands Bedhead and The New Year? Both were/are fronted by Matt Kadane–a young Harvard professor, no less–whose erudite (yet whimsical), conclusive, paragraph-like verses might suit you.

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  6. Joe Avatar

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